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  "subtitle": "Defenders of Freedom",
  "title": "The Machiavellians",
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      "notes": "This is one of those short works that fully rewires the way you think about a topic. In this case, that topic is political system design. Burnham argues compellingly, drawing on Machiavelli, that the best way to secure liberty is to:\n\n1. have a populace with a deep knowledge of how power works\n2. have a state run by relatively equal, diametrically opposed groups of elites, who spend all their time and energy in fierce zero-sum competition against each other, instead of on efficiently oppressing the people",
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          "content": "The very virtues of the good state contain the seeds of its own destruction. The strong and flourishing state is feared by all neighbors, and is therefore left in peace. War and the ways of force are neglected. The peace and prosperity breed idleness, luxury, and license; these, political corruption, tyranny, and weakness. The state is overcome by the force of uncorrupted neighbors, or itself enters a new cycle, where hard days and arms purge the corruption, and bring a new strength, a new virtue and prosperity. But once again, the degeneration sets in.",
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          "content": "Independence, the first condition of liberty, can be secured in the last analysis only by the armed strength of the citizenry itself, never by mercenaries or allies or money; consequently arms are the first foundation of liberty. There is no lasting safeguard for liberty in anything but one's own strength.\n\nInternally, also, liberty rests on force—on the public force of the state, however, never on the force exercised by private individuals or groups, which is invariably a direct threat to liberty. Guaranteed by force, then, internal liberty means government by law, with strict adherence to due legal process.",
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